Technical Textiles – Notes

 

 Technical Textiles –  Notes

1. Introduction to Technical Textiles

Technical textiles refer to textile materials and products manufactured primarily for their technical and performance properties rather than aesthetic or decorative characteristics. Unlike conventional textiles used in clothing or furnishing, technical textiles serve specific functional purposes across diverse industries. These textiles are engineered to meet high-performance requirements such as durability, thermal resistance, tensile strength, chemical stability, and even smart functions like sensing or actuation.

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2. Classification of Technical Textiles

Technical textiles are categorized based on their end-use applications. Major categories include:

• Agrotech (agriculture): used in shading nets, crop covers, and irrigation systems.
  
• Buildtech (construction): includes geogrids, concrete reinforcement fabrics, and roofing materials.
• Medtech (medical): encompasses bandages, surgical gowns, implants, and wound dressings.
• Protech (protection): includes flame-retardant fabrics, bulletproof vests, and high-visibility garments.
• Mobiltech (automotive): used in seat belts, airbags, tire cords, and sound insulation.
• Geotech (geotechnical): used in soil reinforcement, erosion control, and drainage systems.

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3. Materials Used in Technical Textiles

    Advanced technical textiles are made using both natural and synthetic fibers depending on the required function. Common synthetic fibers include polyester, polyamide (nylon), aramid (e.g., Kevlar, Nomex), polypropylene, PTFE, and carbon fibers. These fibers offer high strength-to-weight ratios, thermal resistance, chemical inertness, and sometimes electrical conductivity. Natural fibers like cotton, flax, and jute are also used in applications that demand biodegradability or cost-effectiveness.

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4. Smart Textiles and Innovations

    Smart or intelligent textiles are an emerging subcategory of technical textiles that can sense and respond to environmental stimuli. They integrate components such as sensors, actuators, and microcontrollers into the textile structure. Applications include health monitoring garments, temperature-regulating fabrics, and military camouflage that adapts to surroundings. Smart textiles are also increasingly used in sportswear for biometric tracking.

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5. Manufacturing Techniques

    Technical textiles use a variety of advanced production techniques beyond traditional weaving and knitting. These include nonwovens, composites, 3D weaving, coating, lamination, and electrospinning. Each method is selected based on the performance requirement. For instance, nonwoven fabrics are used in filters and medical applications due to their porosity, while composites are used in aerospace and automotive for lightweight strength.

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6. Applications in Industry

    Technical textiles have revolutionized industries such as aerospace, military, civil engineering, healthcare, and transportation. In aerospace, lightweight composite textiles reduce aircraft weight, improving fuel efficiency. In healthcare, biocompatible textile implants and dressings promote healing. The automotive sector relies on technical textiles for comfort, safety, and performance enhancements. The construction industry uses them for better insulation, reinforcement, and longevity of structures.

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7. Sustainability and Future Trends

    With increasing environmental concerns, the focus is shifting towards sustainable technical textiles. Innovations include bio-based polymers, recyclable materials, and energy-efficient manufacturing techniques. Research into nanotechnology and smart fabrics continues to open new frontiers, making textiles that are not only high-performance but also interactive and sustainable.

BASIC T SHIRT

 

EX.NO.1

DATE: **/**/**

 

BASIC T SHIRT

 

AIM

          To draft the patterns of Basic t-shirt and grade it to different sizes using Modaris software.

Then calculate marker efficiency using Diamino software.

 

REQUIREMENTS

 

Hardware	software
1. Cpu	1.Modaris
2. Moniter	2.Diamino
3. Keyboard	3.Just print
4. Mouse
5. Digitizer
6. Printer

 

 

PROCEDURE:

 

ENVIRONMENTAL TUNING:

 

File menu                     "      New

Parameter menu "      Length unit " cm

Config menu                "      Icon/text   

Sheet menu                   "      Newsheet

 

 

 

PATTERN DRAFTING:

 

 

BODY PATTERN:

 

F2     "Tools      "Rectangle                  "Enter the length and chest

                                                                       Measurements

F1     "Points     "Developed                "Mark neck open and neck drops

 

F2     "Tools      "Arc arrow                  "To draft the front and back neck curves

 

F1     "Lines      "Parallel                      " To draw the shoulder line.

 

F1     "Points     "Developed                " Mark the shoulder slop

 

F1     "Lines      "Straight                     " Join neck point and shoulder slop 

                                                                        Point

F1     "Points     "Relative point           "Mark the armhole point

 

F1     "Lines      "Bezier                        "To draw the armhole curve neatly (defending upon the style)

                                                                       with help of shift key

 

 

 

 

 

 

SLEEVE PATTERN:

 

F3     "Line                  " Len.str.line     " extended the shoulder line using

             Modification                                      Sleeve Length Measurement

 

 

F1     "Lines                "Straight            "To draw the perpendicular line

                                                                                                with holding  Shift key

 

F1     "Lines                "Straight            "Draw the under arm line

 

 

EXTRACTED PATTERNS:

 

F4     "Piece                "Seam                "Extract the patterns

(to cut front, back & sleeve patterns)

 

 

GRADING PROCESS:

 

Open notepad and type alpha, and sizes (like s, m, l, and etc). And also mark the asterisk symbol (*)

before the base size. Then save and minimize the file.

 

In modaris

 

F7          " Imp.EVT   "Click on any one sheet, select notepad file and click on the open button.

 

 

F6          "control        "Click on pattern points and enter x, y values for grading. 

 

 

 

MARKER PLANNING:

 

F5         →Sym 2 pts → Click on two points of fold lines for open pattern

 

F8         →variant                  → Input variant name and minimize.

F8         →create pce article  → select required patterns for marker planning. And then save

                   the modaris file.

 

In Diamino:

Create the new file in diamino software and fill marker generalities and marker composition charts.

Then save the marker file and close. Open the saved file and arrange the patterns in marker area.

From the planning, calculate the marker efficiency and weight of the marker.

 

Fabric Calculation:

 

Length of the marker    =      A cm

Width of the marker     =      B cm

Gsm of the fabric         =       C gram

 

1.                TOTAL WEIGHT OF THE MARKER(D) grams    =         A*B*C/10000

 

2.                AVERAGE PIECES WEIGHT(E) grams  =    D / NO.OF MARKED                                                                                                                     PIECES

 

 

 

 

RESULT:

 

The patterns for basic t-shirt is drafted and graded. Then the marker efficiency calculated.

 

 

 

Jute Manufacturing Process

 

Jute Manufacturing Process:

Raw jute, received in bales, is processed in jute mills to create various products like hessian, sacking, yarn, and bags. The entire process involves multiple stages from raw material handling to final packaging.

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Step-by-Step Jute Processing:

1. Selection:

• Raw jute bales (150 kg or 180 kg) are opened and inspected manually.

• Defective portions are removed.

• Bales are sorted based on their intended end-use (e.g., hessian, sacking wrap/weft).

• Selected jute is sent to the softening section.

2. Softening:

• Makes jute pliable and easy to process.

• Done by:

  • Softening machine.

  • Jute good spreader.

• Emulsion is applied using an emulsion plant to lubricate the fibers.

• Softened jute is now ready for piling.

3. Piling & Pile Breaking:

• Softened jute is stacked (piled) for 24 hours to allow moisture to penetrate.

• "Thermo fillip" action softens the tough root portions.

• Pile breakers feed the material into the carding machine.

• Root cutting is done before carding (5–7% of weight).

4. Carding:

• Jute fibers are disentangled and cleaned to form slivers (flat, ribbon-like fibers).

• Carding stages:

  • Breaker Carding:

    • Hand-fed or roll-fed.

    • Raw jute is turned into rough slivers.

  • Finisher Carding:

    • Makes slivers uniform in size and weight.

    • Prepares material for the drawing process.

5. Drawing:

• Reduces sliver width and thickness.

• Combines and levels several slivers to ensure uniform quality.

• Drawing Passages:

  • First Drawing: Blends and levels slivers from carding.

  • Second Drawing: Further smoothens and thins the sliver.

  • Third Drawing: Makes sliver ready for spinning by crimpling and finalizing.

6. Spinning:

• Slivers are twisted into yarns using spinning frame machines.

• Yarn is wound on bobbins.

• Machines have slip-draft zones and auto-doffing (bobbin replacement).

• Produces various types of yarns (e.g., Hessian Weft, Sacking Wrap).

• Yarn count: 8 lbs to 28 lbs, with flyer speeds up to 4000 RPM.

7. Winding:

• Converts yarn from bobbins into usable forms:

  • Spool Winding: For warp yarns.

  • Cop Winding: For weft yarns.

• Spools are larger packages, while cops are hollow cylindrical forms.

8. Beaming:

• Spool yarns are wound on beams for weaving.

• Warp yarns are treated with starch paste (includes TKP and antiseptic).

• Maintains moisture and improves weaving efficiency.

9. Weaving:

• Interlacing of warp and weft yarns to make fabric.

• Hessian looms require manual shuttle changes.

• Sacking looms have automatic cop loaders.

10. Damping:

• Finished fabric is unrolled and sprinkled with water to add moisture before finishing.

11. Calendaring:

• Fabric is passed through heavy rollers (like ironing).

• Enhances fabric appearance and smoothness.

12. Lapping:

• Folding hessian fabric into standard sizes for packaging.

13. Cutting, Hemming & Heracles Sewing:

• Cutting: Fabric cut into specified lengths for bags.

• Hemming: Edges folded and stitched to prevent fraying.

• Heracles Sewing: Side stitching to complete the bag formation.

14. Bailing:

• Finished products (bags or cloth) are stacked and pressed.

• Hydraulic press compresses and secures bundles using iron strips.

characteristics of jute fiber

 

characteristics of jute fiber

General Properties:

• 100% biodegradable and recyclable, making it eco-friendly.

• Known as "The Golden Fiber" due to its natural golden luster.

• Extracted from the bast (outer layer) of the plant's stem.

• Second most widely used vegetable fiber after cotton.

• High tensile strength and low extensibility.

• Provides excellent breathability to fabrics.

• Ideal for bulk packaging of agricultural products.

Industrial and Commercial Applications:

• Used in making industrial yarn, fabrics, nets, and sacks.

• Versatile use across sectors: packaging, textiles, construction, agriculture, and non-textile applications.

• Bulking of jute yarn in ternary blends:

  • Decreases breaking tenacity.

  • Increases breaking extensibility.

Functional Advantages:

• Good insulating and antistatic properties.

• Low thermal conductivity.

• Moderate moisture regain (can absorb moisture without feeling damp).

• Acoustic insulation capabilities (sound dampening).

• Skin-friendly and non-irritating in use.

Blending and Dyeing:

• Can be blended with both synthetic and natural fibers.

• Readily accepts various dye classes:

  • Natural, Basic, Vat, Sulfur, Reactive, and Pigment dyes.

• Can be blended with wool for textile applications.

Chemical Treatments:

• Caustic Soda Treatment:

  • Improves crimp, softness, pliability, and appearance.

  • Facilitates spinning with wool.

• Liquid Ammonia Treatment:

  • Enhances fiber properties.

  • Increases flame resistance when used with flame-proofing agents.